feat: 数据采集健壮性改进

- 新增 src/core/retry.py: 指数退避 + 抖动的重试装饰器
- bzzoiro: 改进重试逻辑
  - 429/5xx/网络错误均触发指数退避重试
  - 4xx 直接抛(不重试)
- understat: 新增重试(原无重试)
- injuries: 新增重试 + 文件缓存 7 天过期
- sources.py: 延迟导入修复循环导入

src/core/retry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""重试工具:带指数退避的瞬态错误重试。"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import functools
+import logging
+import random
+import time
+from typing import Callable, Iterable, TypeVar
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def with_retry(
+    *,
+    max_retries: int = 3,
+    base_delay: float = 1.0,
+    max_delay: float = 30.0,
+    retryable_exceptions: Iterable[type[BaseException]] = (Exception,),
+    on_retry: Callable[[Exception, int], None] | None = None,
+) -> Callable:
+    """重试装饰器(同步/异步通用,指数退避 + 抖动)。
+
+    Args:
+        max_retries: 最大重试次数
+        base_delay: 基础延迟(秒)
+        max_delay: 最大延迟(秒)
+        retryable_exceptions: 触发重试的异常类型
+        on_retry: 重试回调(exception, attempt)
+    """
+    retryable = tuple(retryable_exceptions)
+
+    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        async def async_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            last_exc: Exception | None = None
+            for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
+                try:
+                    return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+                except retryable as e:
+                    last_exc = e
+                    if attempt == max_retries:
+                        break
+                    delay = min(base_delay * (2 ** attempt), max_delay)
+                    delay += random.uniform(0, delay * 0.1)  # 抖动
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "%s failed (attempt %d/%d), retry in %.1fs: %s",
+                        func.__name__, attempt + 1, max_retries, delay, e,
+                    )
+                    if on_retry:
+                        on_retry(e, attempt + 1)
+                    await asyncio.sleep(delay)
+            raise last_exc  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def sync_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            last_exc: Exception | None = None
+            for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
+                try:
+                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
+                except retryable as e:
+                    last_exc = e
+                    if attempt == max_retries:
+                        break
+                    delay = min(base_delay * (2 ** attempt), max_delay)
+                    delay += random.uniform(0, delay * 0.1)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "%s failed (attempt %d/%d), retry in %.1fs: %s",
+                        func.__name__, attempt + 1, max_retries, delay, e,
+                    )
+                    if on_retry:
+                        on_retry(e, attempt + 1)
+                    time.sleep(delay)
+            raise last_exc  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+            return async_wrapper
+        return sync_wrapper
+
+    return decorator

src/data/bzzoiro.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import asyncio
 import json as _json
 import logging
+import random
 import time as _time
 import urllib.error
 import urllib.parse
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ def _fetch_json_sync(path: str, params: dict | None = None, max_retries: int = 3
     if not key:
         raise RuntimeError("BZZOIRO_KEY 未设置")
 
+    last_exc: Exception | None = None
     for attempt in range(max_retries):
         try:
             req = urllib.request.Request(url)
@@ -43,12 +45,25 @@ def _fetch_json_sync(path: str, params: dict | None = None, max_retries: int = 3
             with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=30) as resp:
                 return _json.loads(resp.read().decode("utf-8"))
         except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            last_exc = e
             if e.code == 429:
-                logger.warning("bzzoiro 429, retry %d", attempt + 1)
+                # 指数退避: 429 通常意味着限速
-                _time.sleep(1)
+                delay = min(2 ** attempt, 16) + random.uniform(0, 1)
+                logger.warning("bzzoiro 429, retry %d in %.1fs", attempt + 1, delay)
+                _time.sleep(delay)
                 continue
-            raise
+            if 500 <= e.code < 600:
-    raise RuntimeError("bzzoiro rate limit exceeded")
+                delay = min(2 ** attempt, 16) + random.uniform(0, 1)
+                logger.warning("bzzoiro %d, retry %d in %.1fs", e.code, attempt + 1, delay)
+                _time.sleep(delay)
+                continue
+            raise  # 4xx 直接抛
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, ConnectionError) as e:
+            last_exc = e
+            delay = min(2 ** attempt, 16) + random.uniform(0, 1)
+            logger.warning("bzzoiro network error, retry %d in %.1fs: %s", attempt + 1, delay, e)
+            _time.sleep(delay)
+    raise RuntimeError(f"bzzoiro request failed after {max_retries} attempts: {last_exc}")
 
 
 async def fetch_bzzoiro_events(

src/data/injuries.py

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import json
 import logging
+import random
+import time
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
@@ -42,13 +45,17 @@ async def fetch_injuries(*, date: str | None = None, fixture_id: int | None = No
     cache_dir = _CACHE_DIR
     cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
-    # 缓存命中
+    # 缓存命中 (7 天内有效)
     cache_key = f"injuries_{date}_{fixture_id}_{league_id}.json"
     cache_file = cache_dir / cache_key
     if cache_file.exists():
-        logger.debug("injuries cache hit: %s", cache_key)
+        age_hours = (time.time() - cache_file.stat().st_mtime) / 3600
+        if age_hours < 168:  # 7 天
+            logger.debug("injuries cache hit: %s (%.1fh old)", cache_key, age_hours)
             with open(cache_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 return json.load(f)
+        else:
+            logger.debug("injuries cache expired: %s (%.1fh old)", cache_key, age_hours)
 
     headers = {
         "x-apisports-key": api_key,
@@ -63,11 +70,26 @@ async def fetch_injuries(*, date: str | None = None, fixture_id: int | None = No
         params["league"] = league_id
 
     url = f"{API_BASE}/injuries"
-    client = get_client()
-    resp = await client.get(url, headers=headers, params=params)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    data = resp.json()
 
+    # 重试
+    last_exc: Exception | None = None
+    for attempt in range(3):
+        try:
+            client = get_client()
+            resp = await client.get(url, headers=headers, params=params, timeout=30)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            break
+        except Exception as e:
+            last_exc = e
+            if attempt == 2:
+                raise
+            delay = min(2 ** attempt, 8) + random.uniform(0, 1)
+            logger.warning("injuries fetch failed, retry %d in %.1fs: %s", attempt + 1, delay, e)
+            await asyncio.sleep(delay)
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"injuries fetch failed: {last_exc}")
+
+    data = resp.json()
     injuries = data.get("response", [])
 
     # 写缓存

src/data/sources.py

@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ def register(source: DataSource) -> DataSource:
 
 def get_source(name: str) -> DataSource:
     """按名获取数据源。"""
+    if not _SOURCES:
+        _load_sources()
     if name not in _SOURCES:
         raise ValueError(f"未知数据源: {name}")
     return _SOURCES[name]
@@ -44,9 +46,19 @@ def get_source(name: str) -> DataSource:
 
 def list_sources() -> list[str]:
     """列出所有已注册数据源名。"""
+    if not _SOURCES:
+        _load_sources()
     return list(_SOURCES.keys())
 
 
-# ── 导入数据源触发 @register ──
+def _load_sources() -> None:
-from src.data.bzzoiro import BzzoiroSource  # noqa: E402, F401
+    """延迟导入数据源触发 @register(避免循环导入)。"""
-from src.data.understat import UnderstatSource  # noqa: E402, F401
+    from src.data.bzzoiro import BzzoiroSource  # noqa: F811
+    from src.data.understat import UnderstatSource  # noqa: F811
+
+
+# 保持向后兼容:模块加载时尝试加载(但不再强制)
+try:
+    _load_sources()
+except Exception:
+    pass

src/data/understat.py

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import json
 import logging
+import random
 import re
 
 from src.core.http_client import get_client
@@ -41,9 +43,24 @@ async def fetch_understat(league_code: str, season: int) -> list[dict]:
         "Referer": f"https://understat.com/league/{understat_league}/{season}",
     }
 
+    # 重试:网络错误 / 5xx / 429
+    last_exc: Exception | None = None
+    for attempt in range(3):
+        try:
             client = get_client()
-    resp = await client.get(url, headers=headers)
+            resp = await client.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=30)
             resp.raise_for_status()
+            break
+        except Exception as e:
+            last_exc = e
+            if attempt == 2:
+                raise
+            delay = min(2 ** attempt, 8) + random.uniform(0, 1)
+            logger.warning("understat fetch failed, retry %d in %.1fs: %s", attempt + 1, delay, e)
+            await asyncio.sleep(delay)
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"understat fetch failed: {last_exc}")
+
     # understat 返回 JS 对象,需要提取 JSON
     text = resp.text
     # 匹配 var datesData = JSON.parse('...');